Oncologist: Several Chronic Infections Raise the Risk of Certain Cancers

Oncologist Jevgenijs Čeremuškins says certain chronic infections are associated with a higher risk of particular cancers. These include hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV) and the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori, according to the website “Cempion”. The doctor stresses that being infected does not mean cancer will necessarily develop.

Key infections

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that around 10% of cancer cases diagnosed worldwide in 2022 were linked to carcinogenic infections. The main culprits include HPV, hepatitis B and C viruses, Helicobacter pylori and the Epstein-Barr virus.

Long-term infection with high-risk HPV types is the main cause of cervical cancer, and the virus is also linked to some anal, genital and oral and throat cancers. Most HPV infections clear up on their own.

During chronic infection, hepatitis B and C viruses can cause prolonged liver inflammation and damage, which raises the risk of liver cancer.

Helicobacter pylori can remain in the stomach lining for a long time, causing chronic inflammation and increasing the risk of certain types of stomach cancer. The bacterium is also tied to a rare lymphoma known as MALT lymphoma. Most people are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus at some point in life; under certain conditions it is linked to some lymphomas and to nasopharyngeal cancer.

Diet and reducing risk

High salt intake and frequent consumption of salted, smoked or improperly stored food can raise stomach cancer risk. Scientific evidence does not support the claim that spicy or sour foods cause stomach cancer on their own.

Part of the infection-related cases can be prevented. Vaccines are available against HPV and hepatitis B, while hepatitis C can in many cases be cured with antiviral drugs. Cervical cancer screening can detect precancerous changes before they become a tumour. Timely diagnosis and treatment are also important.