US Approves Launch of Mirror Satellite That Can Reflect Sunlight to Illuminate Earth at Night
The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has authorized Reflect Orbital to test its mirror satellite Eärendil-1, which can reflect sunlight onto specific locations on Earth at night. The project has drawn criticism from astronomers and environmental advocates.
On July 9, the FCC granted permission to Reflect Orbital to build, launch, and operate a mirror satellite in low Earth orbit. The experimental satellite, named Eärendil-1, is capable of reflecting sunlight onto targeted areas during the night. The project has long faced opposition from astronomers and environmental groups.
The Santa Monica, California-based startup aims to use an 18-meter reflector to illuminate areas 5 to 6 kilometers in diameter for brief periods. The satellite will orbit at an altitude of approximately 625 kilometers. Its primary mission is to test the feasibility of an ultrathin, highly reflective film-based reflector.
Reflect Orbital claims the technology could have civilian, commercial, and government applications, including lighting for search-and-rescue operations, supporting critical infrastructure during emergencies, extending productive hours for solar energy facilities, and providing temporary illumination for remote construction sites without generators.
During the FCC review, nearly 2,000 public comments questioned the proposal. Leading critics include the American Astronomical Society, DarkSky International, and the Royal Astronomical Society, who warn of potential impacts on astronomy, nocturnal ecosystems, and aviation safety. Researchers have also raised concerns about flashes of reflected light affecting pilots, drivers, and wildlife.
The FCC stated that the authorization covers only a single experimental satellite, not a commercial constellation. It declined to address concerns about optical astronomy, saying those fall outside the scope of its review. The agency noted that any future deployment of multiple satellites would require new approvals. On its website, Reflect Orbital pledged to engage with stakeholders and the scientific community, promising to demonstrate precise control over reflected sunlight.
